文 / 心臟內科 陳群豐醫師&吳孟修醫師
什麼是血壓
我們身體內有許多大大小小的血管,就像是自來水管一樣,負責全身血液循環,提供身體養分及帶走廢物。血管內的血液,就好比一個有彈性的水管中的水,水對管壁的壓力稱之為水壓,血液對於血管壁的壓力就稱之為血壓。當心臟收縮打出血液時所量得的血壓稱為收縮壓;當心臟舒張接收血液回流時,所量得的血壓稱為舒張壓。一般正常人的收縮壓應低於 120 毫米水銀柱高;舒張壓低於 80 毫米水銀柱高。
何謂高血壓
高血壓是一種長期潛伏在人體內而不容易發現的慢性疾病,甚至可以稱高血壓是心臟疾病的隱形殺手,因為平常根本感受不到任何的症狀,除了可能會有早晨枕部頭痛外,患者通常不會察覺到其它症狀。許多高血壓患者一開始身體並不會感到不適,唯一可以確定自己是否罹患高血壓的方法是請醫生或其他醫護人員幫您量血壓。但是若放任血壓一再的升高,有可能引起心臟心管系統,腦,腎,眼睛等部位的各種疾病,甚至有可能因此而死亡。高血壓症狀與器官受損的程度有關,譬如說心臟衰竭呼吸困難、心絞痛、周圍血管硬化導致跛行、或是腦血管循環不良導致頭痛甚至中風等。嚴重持續的高血壓會造成的症狀包括有腦病變,患者會嚴重頭痛、嘔吐、暈眩、視力模糊、抽搐、痙攣、意識不清、知覺麻木或是運動障礙等等。患者有厲害頭痛、頸僵硬及腦神經症狀,不過這些平常很少人會連想到自己患有高血壓。
為什麼要認識高血壓
根據統計,高血壓患者罹患腦中風的機率增加7-8倍、罹患心臟衰竭的機率增加5-7倍、罹患冠狀動脈心臟病的機率增加2.5-4倍。此外,高血壓與許多嚴重的慢性疾病有密切的相關。
如何正確量血壓
首先應該使用經認證的血壓測量儀器來為病患測量血壓。測量前病患應該靜坐於有靠背的椅子上至少5分鐘,且雙腳著地不可翹腳。測量前三十分鐘不要激烈運動、搬重物、抽煙、喝咖啡等刺激性飲料。洗澡後、酒後、飯後,也都要超過30分鐘才可以測量。測量時,手臂則應保持與心臟相同水平的高度,並不可用力握拳也不可講話。血壓加壓帶大小也應該適當,以確保量測的正確性。血壓應該至少測量兩次,並求取平均值。兩次測量間必須間隔兩分鐘以上。若兩次測量的數值差異大於5毫米汞柱,就必須再測量更多次。居家血壓測量是較好的方式,除了可瞭解病患在一般日常作息的血壓狀況外,還可以用來確認病患是否有『白袍恐懼症高血壓』,這是指病患的血壓在一般狀況下是正常的,但是每次到門診看病時血壓就會升高。據估計,約有20%的高血壓病患是屬於此類病患。
高血壓的分期
成年人的正常血壓與高血壓分期如表一。18歲以上健康成人的理想血壓是收縮壓小於120毫米汞柱,舒張壓小於80毫米汞柱。現在只要血壓收縮壓介於120~139毫米汞柱、舒張壓介於80~89毫米汞柱,就會已經被列為「高血壓前期」族群,必須持續觀察。所謂「高血壓前期」是指患者雖還不需要到達服藥階段,但罹患心血管疾病的風險較正常人高,將來也較容易罹患高血壓。這類的患者必須即早改善飲食與生活型態,才能預防心血管疾病的發生。husband cheated on me
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