一、何謂肝硬化?
肝臟細胞、組織及血管受到病毒、酒精或其它因素破壞,使肝臟產生纖維化及結節,稱為肝硬化。
二、肝臟的位置:
肝臟是人體內最大的腺體,佔據右上腹的大部份位置。
三、肝臟的功能:
1.製造膽汁。
2.醣類的代謝。
3.脂肪的代謝。
4.蛋白質的代謝。
5.解毒作用。
6.止血作用。
四、分類及原因:
1.酒精性、脂肪性肝硬化:
◆長期酗酒。
◆營養不良。
◆潛伏性細菌感染。
2.細胞壞死後肝硬化:
◆工業化學品中毒。
◆藥物中毒。
◆病毒性肝炎後遺症。
◆新陳代謝疾病。
3.膽源性肝硬化:
◆總膽管阻塞。
◆肝性膽汁慢性滯留。
4.心因性肝硬化:
◆右側充血性心臟衰竭。
◆長期窄縮性心包膜炎。
◆心肺症。
◆房室瓣膜病變。
五、症狀:
1.疲倦。
2.腸胃症狀:噁心、嘔吐、大便功能改變。
3.肌肉軟弱、體重減輕。
4.下肢水腫、腹水。
5.腸胃道出血。
6.食道靜脈瘤、胃潰瘍或十二指腸潰瘍。
7.貧血。
8.痔瘡。
9.乳房變大、停經、睪丸萎縮。
六、診斷及檢查:
1.肝功能試驗:SGPT,SGOT升高。
2.血液檢查(可能發生血紅素、白血球、血小板下降)。
3.肝臟超音波檢查,檢查前少吃產氣食物並禁食八小時。
4.肝組織切片,用以評估局部性的病灶或有無異常。
5.放射線同位素肝掃描。
6.食道鏡檢查,查是否有肝硬化合併症-食道靜脈曲張。
七、重要合併症:
1.腹水:腹痛、腹脹、嘔吐、食慾不掁、水腫、呼吸困難、下肢水腫、血清血蛋白下降。
2.食道靜脈曲張:易出血破裂
3.肝昏迷:早期有明顯的欣快感,不合宜的舉止、疲倦、嗜睡、情緒不穩定。較深度者則對人、時、地會混淆不清,黃疸易出血,甚至木僵,昏迷時呼吸有特殊的甜味,體溫上升。
八、飲食注意事項:
1.初期肝硬化:
採用高醣飲食(例如:食物可用果汁加醣、糖果、水果)
高蛋白飲食(例如:魚、肉、蛋、牛奶、乾酪)
但若一旦發生肝昏迷現象,應立即限制蛋白質(35mg/天)
2.併有食道靜脈曲張者,應避免粗糙、堅硬、過燙的食物且細嚼慢嚥。
3.合併有腹水、水腫之病人應採低鹽飲食,若有水份滯留、尿量減少現象,則需嚴格控制水份配合低鹽飲食,每日磅體重。
4.若食慾不掁則鼓勵少量多餐。
九、生活起居注意事項:
1.規律生活。
2.充份休息,避免疲倦及過份激烈之運動。
3.使用軟毛牙刷,並勤於更換,以免牙齦出血。
4.保持大便通暢,觀察大便之顏色並預防便秘,因為便秘往往是造成肝昏迷的原因之一。
5.戒煙戒酒。
6.遵照醫師指示服藥,勿私自服用成藥。
7.預防感染,儘量避免出入公共場所。
8.若有傷口出血,應以較長的時間壓迫止血。
9.注意有無出血徵兆(臉色蒼白、頭暈、脈搏變快、冒冷汗、解黑色大便)。
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