I、什麼是骨質疏鬆症?
一、定義:
顧名思義就是骨質含量減少,使得骨頭變疏鬆脆弱,稍一碰撞即發生骨折
二、認識骨骼:
(1)人的骨骼系統一共包含206塊骨頭,儲存身體內百分之九十九的鈣含量
(2)它是活生生的組織,不斷的生成和破壞
(3)根據研究,小孩時期骨骼生成會多於破壞,鈣質會不停累積在骨骼,年青人35之40歲時骨骼密度最高,女性在停經後的最初5之10年,骨骼的流失加速每年約為0.5之1%,男性於其老年約流失全部骨質之20%-30%,而女性可高達40%-50%
(4)如遺傳、飲食、荷爾蒙、運動、外傷、疾病、藥物都會影響骨骼的生成及密度
三、骨質疏鬆症最常見的部位:
(1)脊椎骨:支撐背部俗稱龍骨,背負過重物品如把重物由地上舉起或抱太重小孩等動作引起骨折
(2)股骨頸:大腿骨接近骨盤末端部分,不小心滑倒可造成股骨頸骨折
(3)腕骨:跌倒時手腕部手臂伸直造成腕骨骨折
四、骨質疏鬆症的嚴重性:
(1)隱形殺手:預先無症狀不易被查覺,通常是發生骨折時才知道情況嚴重,美國每年約上百萬病例因骨質疏鬆引起之骨折
(2)經濟問題:它的醫療費用是昂貴
(3)情緒問題:骨折所造成變形,功能異常,及住院檢查、開刀治療等除了經濟花費外,無異也帶來身體與精神上的痛苦,而且增加家屬社會的負擔
(4)死亡:骨質疏鬆症造成之骨折常因併發其他疾患如心臟病、肺炎而死亡,骨折後第一年死亡約為12-20%
II、它用什麼方式表現出來?
一、駝背矮縮:由於脊椎骨質流失引起之骨折,呈現了所謂老太龍鍾,使得行動不便
二、骨折:骨骼變得十分脆弱甚至彎個腰或輕微的滑倒都會引起骨折
三、腸胃不適:這可能是脊椎前屈及壓破性骨折導致胸腹部器官受壓引起
四、腰酸背痛:約有一半的脊椎壓迫性骨折患者深為背痛所苦
III、什麼人容易得?
一、性別、年齡:女性多於男性,停經後婦女即開始骨質流失加速
二、種族與遺傳:白種人與東方人較易得,家裡曾有老人股骨頸骨折及矮縮者也易得
三、體型瘦小
四、女性荷爾蒙缺乏:過早停經,或手術切除卵巢者
五、運動不足或過量:如長期臥床、石膏固定或長跑選手們等
六、營養習慣不佳:如飲食內鈣質缺乏,或蛋白質過少或過多
七、抽煙、喝酒、飲用過量的咖啡、茶等
八、未曾生育過或生育過多的婦女
九、有特殊疾病:如肝功能不全、甲狀腺功能亢進、骨髓腫瘤、胃切除者等
十、使用下列藥物者:超量使用甲狀腺素、肝蛋白(防止血管凝固)抗癲癇之藥物,長期使用腎上腺皮質素及治療胃潰瘍的制酸劑等
IV、如何預防治療:
一、預防:目前專家們認為骨質疏鬆是可以預防,預防方法包括
(1)認識高危險因子:可提高警覺性加以預防
(2)注意飲食之均衡:特別是鈣質與維他命D之攝取應充足,各年齡每日所需鈣質攝取量不等如附表(一),成人每日鈣攝取量約800毫克、富含鈣質食物如牛奶、奶製品、豆製品、杏仁、小魚干,綠色的蔬菜等,如附表(二),專家建議停經後婦女每日服用一至二片碳酸鈣約為1000毫克,吃鈣片時間最好是餐前一小時或飯後二小時或睡前,而維他命D則經由魚類、雞蛋、肝、牛奶等攝取,含維他命D的藥物則需要醫生的指示
(3)適度的運動與陽光照射:增加肌力的運動,如徒步、慢跑、騎腳踏車、打高爾夫球、網球、打掃房子等,但必須避免過度劇烈的運動
四、補充女性荷爾蒙:專家建議女性於停經時,經由醫生指示開始補充
女性荷爾蒙,至少補充5-10年,如無副作用,再調整
五、正常生活習慣:少抽煙、少喝酒、少喝咖啡等
六、其他藥物之防治:如抑鈣素、活性維他命等,皆須醫生之指示
✽✽✽ 以下是美國國立科學院所建議的鈣質 ✽✽✽
✽✽✽ 每日攝取量 ✽✽✽
年齡及性別 每日攝取量(單位:毫克)
-------------------------
嬰兒6個月以下 360
6-12個月 540
小孩1-10歲 800
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