類固醇的學名叫做『腎上腺皮質素』,正常人的腎上腺每天都會分泌一定量的類固醇來維持體內正常的生理運作,如調節血醣、蛋白質、脂肪、及電解質的代謝,它是維持生命不可或缺的重要荷爾蒙。
臨床上類固醇是很好的藥物,它可被廣泛地應用於治療許多的疑難雜症,包括︰癌症、腦水腫、慢性肺病變、風濕病、氣喘症、早產兒肺部不成熟、皮膚病、休克、敗血症、及腦膜炎等等;而且它確實會減輕許多的症狀,使症狀得到暫時的舒解,故人們稱之美國仙丹,顧名思義它的功效非常好,像仙丹一樣,雖然如此,使用上仍有些事應特別注意。
類固醇的作用
1、 消炎作用:無論是細菌性、化學性、 物理性、免疫性或紫化性照射所引起的發炎都有效。
2、 抑制免疫作用:它可抑制淋巴球的活性而 阻斷淋巴激素對標靶細胞的作用。
3、 抑制細胞分裂:外用的類固醇能暫時干擾表皮細胞內去氧核醣核酸的合成,用來治療乾癬。
4、 血管收縮
5、 礦物皮質酮作用:會造成水份及鹽份堆積於體內,進而引起高血壓,必須加以控制;相反的,血液中的鉀離子會偏低,造成酸鹼值偏鹼性,應該補充富含鉀離子的食物,如柳橙類水果、香蕉、魚類等。
6、 醣皮質酮作用:體內脂肪重新分配引起月亮臉,水牛肩,腹部凸出的外貌, 此外血糖的耐受程度降低,若有糖尿病的話,要加強血糖的控制。
7、 抗代謝作用
類固醇的適應症
1、內分泌失常:
◆原發性或次發性腎上腺功能不全。
◆急性腎上腺功能不全。
◆先天性腎上腺增殖,非化膿性甲狀腺炎,與癌症有關之高血鈣症。
2、風濕性疾病:
關節僵直性脊椎炎(ankylosing spondylitis)、急性或亞急性黏液囊炎 (bursitis)、急性非特異性腱鞘炎 (tenosynovitis)、乾癬性關節炎、類風濕性關節炎、急性痛風性關節炎與肱上髁炎 (epicondylitis)。
3、膠原疾病 (collagen disorders):
某些全身紅斑性狼瘡、急性風濕性心臟炎或全身性皮肌炎 (dermatomyositis 或 polymyositis)等。
4、皮膚疾病:
天庖瘡、嚴重的多形性紅斑、剝落性皮膚炎、庖疹樣大泡皮膚炎 (bullous dematitis herpetiformis)、嚴 重的乾癬、蕈狀肉芽腫 (mycosis fungoides)、血管性水腫、蕁麻疹、嚴重脂漏性皮膚炎、接觸性或 異位性皮膚炎。
5、過敏:
傳統療法無法控制的嚴重過敏情形,如血清病、藥物引起的過敏等。注射劑型可用於控制輸血所引起的蕁麻疹。
6、眼部疾病:
眼部的嚴重急慢性過敏與發炎,如過敏性結膜炎、角膜炎、過敏性角膜邊緣潰瘍、眼部帶狀庖疹、虹膜炎、虹膜睫狀體炎、擴散性後葡萄膜炎 (diffuse posterior uveitis) 及脈絡膜炎、脈絡膜視網膜炎、視神經炎、交感性眼炎(sympathetic ophthalmia)等。
7、呼吸道疾病:
類肉瘤病 (sarcoidosis)、支氣管痙攣、鈹毒症 (berylliosis)、吸入性肺炎、過敏性鼻炎等。
8、血液疾病:
成人的次發性血小板過低症、原發性血小板過低性紫斑症、紅血球母細胞缺乏症 (erythroblastopenia,RBC anemia)、先天性發育不全性貧血(hypoplastic anemia)與自體免疫性溶血性貧血。
9、腫瘤:
可緩解成人白血病及淋巴瘤與兒童急性白血病。
10、水腫狀態:
自發性或紅斑性狼瘡所引起的腎病 (無尿毒症)患者,可使用醣質類固醇以促進排尿或緩解蛋白尿症狀。
11、神經系統:
多發性硬化症 (multiple sclerosis) 急性惡化。
12、止吐:最常用 dexamethasone,可合併 metoclopramide 使用。
類固醇使用可能出現的副作用
1、食慾可能會增加。
2、精神亢奮,可能會失眠。
3、皮膚可能長粉刺或青春痘。
4、毛髮可能變得比以前黑或濃。
5、血糖、血壓會稍微升高。
6、長期服用時,臉部、肩膀及四肢可能會稍微浮腫。
7、因類固醇藥物會抑制感染,使發燒症狀不明顯,可能遮蔽一些嚴重的感染危機。
8、長期服用也有引發骨質疏鬆的報告。
類固醇的注意事項
1、 需按照醫師指示服藥,不要隨意調整劑量或停止服用,否則會影響治療效果。
2、 停藥後第二天,可能會覺得全身無力,甚至全身不舒服,幾天後症狀會逐漸消失。
3、 不要空腹時服藥,以免黏膜損傷,造成胃潰瘍。
4、 如有高血壓或糖尿病時,要經常測血壓及血糖,調整用藥。
5、 如有身體浮腫的現象,飲食中要減少鹽分的攝取。
結論
國人有喜歡吃藥補身的習慣是眾所周知的,然而任何的藥物皆有其潛藏的副作用,民眾對來路不明的藥粉、黑藥丸、甚至香灰、神水、、、等等,都需提高警覺,因此類補品或成藥在過去的經驗中,是最常被檢驗出含有類固醇。類固醇並不是避之為恐不及的「毒藥」,當然也不該當成是治百病的「仙丹」來亂用,尤其是短期的使用,並不容易出現副作用,但是如果大量且長期的使用,則一定會產生眾多惡劣的問題,因此類固醇屬於醫師的處方 用藥,非得醫師診視後開立處方,方能取得使用,絕不可以自行購買任意服用。cheaters caught
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